A4 Absorbency Accelerated Aging Acid Free Paper Adhesive
Moisture –proof adhesive An adhesive that forms
a barrier to moisture or water when applied in a continuous film and
that retains its strength in contact with water. Aerogramme Air Dry Moisture Content (AD)
The percentage loss in weight of paper specimen when
dried to constant weight in a room or chamber whose ambient air is maintained
at 23 C(73 F) ,50% RH Air Knife CoatingIR Alkaline Paper Anti Rust Paper Antique Paper Anti Tarnish Paper Art Paper/Board Azure Laid Paper Anilox (Anilox Roller,
Screen Roller) Ash Content Bagasse Bamboo Barograph Paper Base Papers Bar Code Basis Weight Bible Paper Binder Migration Biocide Blackening Blade Coating Blade Scratch (Blade
Streak) Blanket (Offset
Blanket) Blister
Coating blister (Heatset blister) Round or oval blister
due to coating separating from its base stock. In Heatset offset, frequently
occurs in heavily inked areas, due to the dryer heat.
Blocking
A common ISO A-size of about 8¼ by 11¾ inches.
The ability of a porous material, particularly paper or board to
take up and retain liquid, gas or solids, so that one substance
disappears.
Simulated aging of paper by exposure of paper to a hostile environment,
such as some types of radiation, elevated temperature (in dry or
moist air) or chemical attach over a period of hours, days. Or weeks.
Paper that does not contain any free acid. Such papers may be used
for archival purposes or for wrapping articles that would be adversely
affected by contact with papers containing active acid
Moisture-resistant adhesive An adhesive, which forms
a bond that retains its strength at high humidity or in contact with
water.
Pressure-Sensitive adhesive An adhesive that requires
only briefly applied pressure at room temperature for adherence to a
clean surface.
A single
sheet paper, letterform. Folded and gummed on three sides. Bears international
preprinted air postage and the word "aerogramme" Intended
for airmail correspondence to other countries.
Air Dry moisture content of a Wood Pulp The "%
air dry" equals the "% over-dry" divided by 0.90.
Distinct from Oven-dry moisture contents.
A Method of coating using an air-knife which acts on the principle
of a Doctor blade and uses a thin, flat jet of air for removing the
excess coating from a wet, freshly coated web of paper.
Paper having pH values greater than 7 made by an alkaline manufacturing
process
Paper in which have incorporated certain substances, which give
it the property of protecting the surfaces of ferrous metals against
rust.
Printing paper having good bulk and opacity with rough or matte
surface.
Paper in which certain substances have been incorporated to make
it capable of protecting bright metallic surfaces against tarnishing.
Paper/ Pulp Board coated on both sides after manufacture with material
containing adhesive, kaolin etc. , to give a surface suitable for
fine screen half tone work.
A laid paper usually blue in colour having a good writing surface.
A knurled, etched or engraved roller
used in conjunction with a doctoring device to meter low viscosity
printing inks to a printing plate. Used traditionally in flexographic
printing
The inorganic residue obtained by igniting a specimen of pulp, paper
or other cellulosic material in such a way that the combustible
and volatile compounds are removed. The ash content is usually expressed
as the percentage of such residue based on the weight of the test
specimen. The test must be specified as air-dry or oven-dry ash.
The fibre left over after extracting sugar from sugarcane.
A grass yielding a fibre used for papermaking.
Red thin paper coated on one side with a white wax, so that the
needle of the barograph leaves a red line on a white ground, sold
in rolls and coils and to suit the type of barograph.
A term covering a number of papers used as the base for abrasive
plastics, coating, tracing and dyeline dry abrasives. Very strong
manila base for glass paper and garnet while for wet abrasive, such
as carborundum, high wet strength types are needed, often containing
glycerine to help make the paper malleable. Papers for coating (in
this sense china clay or mica-type coating) are usually wood-free,
mechanical or esparto or straw, according to the nature of the finished
material. Papers and boards known as photographic base papers are
of very high quality, owing to the very fine limits of sensitization.
A binary code representing characters by sets of parallel bars of
varying thickness, separation and vertical positions that are read
optically by transverse scanning.
The weight in pounds of a ream of paper. Its metric counterpart
is GRAMMAGE, where mass per unit area is expressed in units of grams
per square meter.
Thin white opaque heavily loaded, used for printing bibles. Not
suitable for pen and ink, because of its absorbency.
Coated paper defect where specks give a grainy or textured appearance
to the coated surface. Detectable by ink wipe, print test or light
iodine burnout.
A biological control chemical such as fungicide or a bactericide
used in papermaking.
See Calender blackening.
A method of coating, which utilizes a flexible blade set at an adjustable
angle against a web of paper supported by a soft, usually rubber
covered, backing roll.
Fine hair like indentation running along
the MD in the coating surface, less than 3 mm wide and over a foot
in length. It usually appears less opaque than the general coated
area when viewed by transmitted light, lighter than UV light and
darker after a K&N ink wipe.
The blanket is a rubber covering on an
offset printing cylinder, that is used to transfer ink from the
printing plate to the paper.
Defect on a paper surface often shaped like a human blister. It
is due to Delamination of a limited portion of paper without breaking
either surface
Ply separation blister Ply or layer of paper or paperboard
separating for short distances in an irregular manner. Most commonly
found in cylinder boards.
Layers of paper adhering firmly together.
Bonding Strength
The
strength of paper or board to withstand layer-to-layer separation
It is the force with which a coating or film adheres to the surface
of a sheet.
Bond Paper
Bond Paper is paper used for letterheads, many printing purposes
and for plain paper photocopying. The name bond was originally given
to a paper, which was used for printing bonds, stock certificates
etc. Important characteristics are finish, strength, and freeness
from fuzz, rigidity and traditionally good pen-and-ink writing characteristics.
Book
A set of paper pages bound into a volume, where the pages may be
printed, written, blank or combination. The book comprises the body,
a spine, a cover and inside each cover may be a flyleaf.
1.Hard cover A book, which has a stiff cover that may be reinforced with paperboard and covered with cloth.
2.Soft cover A book, which is covered with a protective and glossy coating over the cover, printing.
Book Paper
A general term used to define a class of papers used by the book
publishing industry; most commonly used for the book text paper
but also for book cover paper. Book bulk, Bulk index or inversely
as Bulking number (pages per inch).
Breaking Length
A measurement of intrinsic Tensile strength of paper, i.e. the tensile
strength of paper that is corrected for basis weight. It is the
calculated limiting length of a strip of paperboard of any uniform
width, beyond which, if such a strip were suspended by one end,
it would break by its own weight. It is expressed in units of km,
with the paper’s mass understood to be under terrestrial gravitation.
Usually it is measured in both machine (MD) and cross (CD) directions.
Brightness
A measure of the amount of light reflected by a paper at a wavelength
of 457 +/- 5 mm. Printers, publishers, sellers refer to brightness
which may be approximately by various photometers such as Photovolt,
Elrepho, GE Brightness, Hunter Lab. They all give somewhat different
readings for brightness.
Distinct from Whiteness for which a total spectro-photometric reflectance curve is required; whiteness is approximated by the CIE colour-value systems.
Bristol
A stiff heavy paper whose caliper ranges upwards from 0.006 and
which includes bogus, folding, index, printing and wedding Bristol,
Bristol covers, postcard and coated postcard.
Brittleness
That property of paper which causes it to break or fail when deformed
such as by binding, converting, finishing, folding and handling.
Factors, which contribute to brittleness, are composition, moisture,
drying and aging.
Broke
Paper that is to be reprocessed from any part of a paper mill. The
term originates, when the paper web broke on the paper machine and
the resultant mess of scrap paper was gathered and repulped.
Brush Finish
An especially high polish given to paper. It is obtained by running
the dried or partially dried coated paper over a revolving drum
provided with six or more rapidly revolving cylinder brushes which
contact the coated surface of the sheet.
Bulk
Volume per unit weight of a sheet of paper.
1.Bulk index Bulk index is bulk calculated from single sheet caliper and air-dry basis weight; metric units are cm3/g. The reciprocal of Density.
2.Book bulk The overall thickness in mm of a given number of sheets; it is a term useful to book publishers for managing the paper thickness and number of pages in the book and the final thickness of the book.
Burnout
The loss of colour during drying.
Burnt Paper
Paper, which has been discoloured and is brittle, but otherwise
intact.
Burst
An irregular separation or rupture through the paper or package
Burst Resistance
The
resistance to bursting of a sheet of paper, paperboard of package
when subject to impact or pressure normal to the surface. Burst may
be measured by Burst factor (Burst index). The bursting strength in
kPa divided by grammage, usually OD, in g/m2.
Bursting Strength
(Mullen, Pop test)
The resistance to burst of paper
or package; expressed in lab force/in2 as read off a burst tester,
in its metric equivalent kPa, expressed as points or as a percentage.
Business Forms Paper
Paper made for the manufacture of business forms; used for business
forms and data processing such as computer printout.
C1S
Coated on one side of the paper.
C2S
Coated on two sides of the paper.
Calender
A device for smoothening, glazing, caliper, reduction, and caliper
leveling of the surface of the paper to improve the finish and reduce
the printing roughness of the paper.
a) Machine Calender A set of highly polished cast-iron rolls-resting one of the other in a vertical bank at the dry end of the paper machine.
b) Supercalender A set of alternating polished steel and composition rolls resting one on the other in a vertical bank, capable of producing a more uniform smoothness and gloss than a machine Calender; thus used to produce a smoother, glossier and denser sheet; usually off-machine.
c) Soft nip Calender An one-machine device consisting of two or more pairs of steel and composition rolls; it is designed to achieve much of the quality of a Supercalender, with much of the production advantage of being on machine, but without the severe operating difficulties of an on-machine Supercalender.
Calender Barring (Calender marks) Dull irregularly shaped bands across the web imparted at the Calender, seen when viewed by low angle light.
Calender Blackening
Coverage of the web or streaks of the web with glazed translucent
spots. Due to excessive Calender roll heat, Calender pressure, poor
or excessive and uneven moisture.
Caliper (Thickness)< The average thickness of a single sheet as determined by measuring the thickness of different sheets and averaging the results.
Carbon Paper
Dense
tissue papers coated usually with formulas of oils, dye (pigment)
and wax.
Double-coated carbon (Full Carbon) A carbon paper
that is coated on both sides.
One-time carbon A carbon paper intended to be used
only once as opposed to many time or multiple-use carbon paper.
Processed Carbon paper which has
been sprocket hole punched and perforated before being collated in to
the form sets.
Carbonless Paper
Paper stock specially treated or coated to provide copies without
the use of interleaved carbon. The copy process requires mechanical
pressure such as from writing or typing and sometimes a chemical reaction.
Transfer carbonless Carbonless requiring the contact
of two chemically interactive surfaces. Three grades of carbonless paper
are made
CB - Coated back
CF - Coated front
CFB - Coated front and back
Self-contained carbonless Carbonless with
both chemically interactive coatings (CB & CF) on one sheet.
Carrier Cast - Coated Paper Chalking (Powdering) Chemical Pulp Chlorine Free 1. Elemental chlorine-Free (ECF) Bleaching with chlorine
dioxide but not with elemental chlorine. ECF paper is made with ECF pulp
and ECF recycled paper. 2.TotallyChlorineFree (TCF) Bleaching without using
chlorine or chlorine compounds. TCF paper is made with TCF pulp and recycled
TCF paper. CIE Colour-Value -Hunter L, a, b, colour scale (LAB-values) initiated
in 1958;
Coated categories There are five categories
of coated paper from the brightest (No.1) to the dullest(No.5) Coating Defect
Applicator roll streaks (Films split pattern) Defective
coating pattern left in a coated surface by cavitation from film splitting
during roll coating. Uncalendered
coating lump Coating excess or extraneous coating in a localized area.
Coating mottle A small-scale variation of gloss
of a coated Calender sheet, which can be detected by viewing the surface
in specular reflection. A good-coated sheet has relatively uniform
gloss after calendering. However , if by reason of a poorly formed
base sheet or other variables the coated sheet is not uniform the
high spots are compressed much more than the low spots in calendering
and hence develop a mottle Coating Weight Cockle (Crinkle) Colour Copiers Colour Match Colour Separation Composition Computerised Composition Conditioning of Paper
Laboratory conditioning The exposure or seasoning
of paper to accurately controlled and specified atmospheric conditions
in the test laboratory, so that its moisture content is in equilibrium
with the surrounding atmosphere. Continuous Forms Copier (Copy Machine) Copy Papers Core Core Damage; Coreburn
Out Core Plug Core Slippage Core Waste Correspondence Envelope Corrugated Board Corrugating Medium Corrugation Mark Corrugator (Corrugating Machine) Cover Paper Crack (Cracking)
A defect in coated paper, caused by the separation
of the coating layer on the formation of fissures in the surface of
the coating due to printing or other converting process. Crease
Deformation remaining from a fold over. Creping Cross-Machine Direction Crushed Core (Collapsed
Core) Crushed Roll CTMP CURL 1. Deformation of sheet of paper which tends to roll
into the form of a cylinder. The axis may be either in the machine direction,
cross direction or diagonal. The paper may be curled towards the wire-like
or the felt side. Cut
Blade cut A straight sharp cut parallel
to the direction of web travel.
Cutter Dust Cyan Daisy Wheel Printing Dampening Dandy Roll Deckle
The straps or boards on the wet end of a paper machine
which prevent the fibre suspension from over-flowing the sides and
which determine the width of the web of paper that can be made on
any given machine. Deckle Edge Defoamer De-Inked Pulp De-Inking Delamination Dennison Wax Densitometer Density
Mass density Weight per unit volume of paper, obtained
by dividing basis weight by caliper, in g/cm2. Die-Cut Digital Printing
Printing by imaging systems that are fed imaging
information as digital date from pre-press systems.
Electronic printers Electrophotographic
printers, for black or single colour, used for short-run variable
information and on-demand book publishing. Dimensional Stability Dirt Doctor Blade Document Dot Matrix Printing Dobling Dpi Duplicating Stencil
Paper Duplicator Dust Dwell (Dwell Time)
The length of time that two surfaces are in contact
e.g. the length of time the ductor roller is in contact with the fountain
roller. Dyeline ECF Ele Ctrophotography
(Electrostatic Copying) Embossed Finish Enamel Paper Exposure Extender Fascimile
Exact copy or likeness; perfect reproduction. Fanning FDA Feeder Felt Felt Mark Felt Side Fine Paper Finish Finishing of Paper Fish Eye Flexography (Flexo) Fluff Fluting Fluorescence Fold Folding Boxboard Folding Endurance Format Formation
A property of paper which is determined by the degree
of uniformity of distribution of the solid components of the sheet,
particularly of the fibres. Fountain Solution (Dampening Solution) Free (Wood-Free) Freeness
The rate at which water drains from the slurry of
pulp on the forming section of a paper machine. Furnish Ghosting (Ghost
image) Glassine Glazed Glazed Imitation
Parchment Gloss Gloss Mottle G/m2 Grain Grain Long
Grain-long paper Paper cut with the grain parallel
to the long side of the sheet. Grain Short
Grain–short paper Paper cut with the grain
parallel to the short side of the sheet. Grammage Graphic Arts Gravure 1. Gravure Printing A intaglio printing process in
which a low viscosity ink is transferred from recessed image cells in
the printing plate onto Gravure paper.
Sheet-Fed Gravure Direct Gravure printing
using a flat plate and flatbed press. Gravure Paper Graseproof Ink,
Coating Grease Resistant
Paper Grey Balance Grey Board Gripper Space Groundwood Printing
Papers Groundwood Pulp
Stone groundwood pulp The traditional mechanical
wood pulp, mechanically prepared typically by grinding wood away from
4ft. Logs; used in the manufacture of newsprint, publication papers
and Groundwood printing papers. Guillotine (Ream
cutter, Trimmer)
Gum Gumming Halftone
Halftone Print (Halftone image) A reproduction
by Screening of continuous tone artwork, such as of a photograph,
with the image formed by dots of various sizes and a constant degree
of separation. Handling Damage Hard Edge (high
edge, raised edge) Hard-Sized Hard Wrinkle Heatset Offset Heat Transfer Paper High–Bulk
Book Paper Holes
Holes of about pin-size in paper. Hue
The quality of colour, which may be characterized
by its position in the whole visible spectrum through blues, greens,
yellows and reds.
For additive primary colours, any
three hues, conventionally a red, green and blue are selected such
that any person with average colour vision can match any other hue
by adding the three in varying proportions. Humidity
A moderate degree of wetness, especially of the
atmosphere. Hydration Refining Hygrometer (Hygroscope) IGT IGT Print Tester
(IGT PICK TESTER) Impression Cylinder Index Card Ink
Writing ink A liquid, of whatever colour, used
to write. Ink Coverage Ink Holdout Ink Jet Printing Ink Setoff
The transfer of ink from fresh prints to any other
surface. Ink Tack Ink Water Balance Intaglio Interleaving Internal Bonding Internal Sizing International Paper
Size The A Series SIZE Millimeters 4AO 1682 x 2378 2AO 1189 x 1682 AO 841 x 1189 A1 594 x 841 A2 420 x 594 A3 297 x 420 A4 210 x 297 A5 148 x 210 A6 105 x 148 A7 74 x 105 A8 52 x 74 The B series SIZE Millimeter B0 1000 x 1414 B1 707 x 1000 B2 500 x 707 B3 353 x 500 B4 250 X 353 B5 176 x 250 B6 125 x 176 B7 88 x 125 B8 62 x 88 B9 44 x 44 B10 31 x 44 The C series SIZE Millimeter C0 917 x 1297 C1 648 x 917 C2 458 x 648 C3 324 x 458 C4 229 x 324 C5 162 x 229 C6 114 x 162 C7 81 x 114 C8 57 x 81 ISO ISO 9000 ISO 14000 ISO SIZE Jog Jumbo Roll Knife Coating Kraft Paper Kraft Pulp (Sulphate
pulp) Label Laid Lines Lamination 1. Laminated paper formed by bonding a layer
of paper to another layer, which may be of paper, metal or plastic. 2. A plastic film bonded by heat and pressure to its
substrate for protection or appearance of the substrate surface. Laser Printing (Laser
Printing) Ledger Paper Letterhead Letterpress Lightweight Paper Lint Lithography (Litho, Lithographic Printing)
Any person in which the printing is done from a
plane (planographic) surface. Conventional Litho has the image photochemically
reproduced onto the plate whose image areas carry ink and the non-image
areas carry water and stay clean of ink. Lot Number Machine Direction Machine Finished Machine Glazed (MG) Magnetic Ink Character
Recongnition (Micr) Matte (Matt, Mat) Mechanical Pulp
Groundwood Pulp Pulps made from carefully cleaned
and debarked logs which are pressed against the face of a rapidly
revolving grindstone, the abrasive action of which tears the fibres
from their setting in the wood. Stone ground wood pulp (SG) Traditional ground
wood pulp. Refiner wood Pulp b) Thermomechanical pulp (TMP) TMP is made at higher
temperatures that ‘RMP’.
Millboard Mill Splice (Splice)
1.A splice made at the paper mill. Usually the two
ends of the web are joined in an overlap, with double-sided adhesive
tape or with other adhesives. 2.Angled splice (Diagonal splice) The splice is preferably
made at an angle to aid travel through the printing press. Its position
in the roll is usually marked on the end (or both ends) of the roll
with an arrow and/or with a flag adjacent to the splice. 3.Butt splice Splice that may be required on certain
converting equipment (especially in heavy basis weights, boards, etc,)
The ends of the web do not overlap but are held together end to end
with single-sided adhesive tape. 4.Paster (Flying paster) A splice made on the printing
press without stopping when going from one roll to another. 5.Tapered splice Splice made at 45 * to the machine
direction from a point in the center of the sheet. Moisture Content
(Water content) Mottler Finish Mullen Newsprint
Uncoated printing paper of the kind normally found
in newspaper the finish is largely mechanical wood pulp or deinked
pulp, traditionally with some softwood chemical pulp. The term includes
standard newsprint and also paper generally similar to it and used
for the same purpose but which may exceed to slight degrees in the
limitation of weight, finish, sizing, and ash applicable to standard
newsprint. It does not include printing paper of types generally used
for purpose other than newspapers even though such papers may to some
extent be used by newspapers OCR Offset
Offset Printing (Indirect Printing) Printing method
used especially in lithography; the ink is first transferred from
the printing plate to a Blanket and then from the blanket to paper.
However, the offset mode is also used commercially for printing letterpress(
Dry offset) or gravure (Offset gravure) Offset Gravure On-Machine Optical Brightener Oven Dry Moisture
Content (Od) Pallet Paper Paperboard Paper Foil Paper Micrometer Parent Roll Penetrtion
Ink strike-through The appearance of dark specks
on the reverse side of a print due to ink penetration through the
sheet, sometimes because of pinholes. PERFORATIONS Permanent Paper pH Pick (picking)
The rupture of a fragment of paper from its surface
during papermaking or printing; leaving the fragment clinging or released;
fragments may be flakes, fibres, fines or coating.
Pigments Pinholes
Any small holes through paper or coating extending
mainly through the stock; they are of pinpoint-size to pin-size, in
Uncoated paper are visible when looking through the sheet. PIRA Pitch PIV Ply Point/ Mil Porosity of Base
Stock Postcard Post-Consumer Fibre Pre-Press Printability Print Gloss Printing Ink
EB-curing ink Ink made for in line curing by electron
beam radiation for high gloss and high scuff resistance; using highly
reactive cross-linking vehicles which cure and dry under electron
beam radiation. Printing Paper Print Mottle Print Quality Print Tester Profile (Web Profile)
CMD profile Profile in the cross-machine
direction. Prufbau Print Tester Pulp
Pulp slurry A slurry made from fibrous material
where the fibres, fibre clusters and fibre fragments have been dispersed
and where they can be formed into pulp webs, pulp sheets, other fibrous
products. Punched Paper Tape Punching Quality Control Rag Content Rattle (Snap) Ream Ream Size Recyclable Paper Recycled Paper Reflectance Relative Humidity
(RH) Retention Rewinder Ridges Ring Crush Test Roll Coating Roughness Rub-Off (Ink Rub-Off) Sampling Satin Finish S c Scott Bond Strength Screening Scuff Resistance Scumming Security Paper Semichemical Pulp Shade Sheet Sheeter Shive Side-Run Size
Dimensions Of a sheet or ream of paper, the planar
dimensions expressed in the following order, width, length; i.e. where
the width is the smaller dimension. Sizing Process Slime Hole Slitter
Shear Cut Slitter Slitting done by circular
flat faced female knives in slight edge contact with and positioned
directly below interacting male knives, the paper running between
the two. Smudge Soda Pulping Soft Spot Speck Starch Static Electricity Stencil-Duplicating
Paper Stiffness Straw Pulp Strawboard Stretch Substrate Sulphate Process Sulphite Process Supercalendered
Finish Surface Strength
Test TAPPI Tearing Resistance Telescoped Roll Tensile Strength Thermal Paper Thermal Transfer
Printing (Sublimation printing) Thermomechanical
Pulp (TMP) Thickness Tissue Paper TMP Tone Toner In copiers, a powder or liquid of pigmented particles,
used in electrostate processes like xerography, to form the copy’s
image of the original. Translucent Drawing Paper Trim Twin-Wire Machine Two Sidedness Unsized Varnish (OPV) Vegetable Parchment Vellum Finish Viscometer Viscosity
Resistance of a fluid to flow. Viscosity Cup Watermark Water Resistance Water Vapour Permability Wavy Edge Wax Paper Wax Pick Web Wet Rub Resistance
(WET RUB) Wet Stregth Whiteness Wire Mark Wire Side Wove Paper Wrapper Wrapper Waste Wrinkle Winder Wrinkle Xeikon Yellowing (REVERSION) Yellowness
A substrate that carries an image, data, functional coating, security
device etc.
A coated paper with high gloss and absorptivity in which the coating
has been allowed to harden or set while in contact with a mirror-like
polished chrome surface.
A condition where in rubs off a print, as would chalk, after the
normal drying period, It usually occurs on coated paper and when
normal drying period.
Pulp obtained by cooking the fibre source such as wood with solutions
of various chemicals. The traditional chemical processes are the
sulphite, sulphate (Kraft) and soda processes. The cooking removes
most of the non-fibrous lignin, and reduce the yield from the raw
material; but paper made from chemical wood pulp is generally stronger
than paper from Mechanical pulp.
A term to describe a type of bleached pulp or paper and the type
of process for bleaching such pulp.
A set of three colour values (CIE or Hunter) used to designate colour
of paper, especially of white and near-white paper. Provision is
made for reporting results in one of two scales
-CIE L*, a*, b * colour scale (CIELAB or LAB star-values)
initiated in 1976;
Where a,a* are measures of redness (+) to greenness (-);
b,b* of yellowness (+)to blueness(-); and L ,L * is the magnitude upwards
on the black (0%) to white (100%) scale.
Cmp
Acronym for chemi-mechanical pulp.
Coated Paper
Any paper which has been coated with pigment and its binder with
a coat weight of 7.5 g/m2 or higher.
Coated Cover Coated paper with weights above
148 g/m2.
Conversion coated paper Off machine coated
paper.
Functionally coated paper Paper Coated with
a functional coating.
Lickcoated paper Filmed, Surface-treated.
Papers of coating weights below 7.5g/m2 per side.
Machine-coated paper On –machine coated
paper.
Orange peel When the film-split pattern is uniform
over the surface, the roughness of the pattern is somewhat like the
outer surface of an orange peel.
Coating Band Heavily coated region of 3 mm or more
width extending in machine direction. May be associated with a wet streak
at the coater.
Coating colour variation Non-uniformity of the coating
due to variation in the composition or to a non-uniform layer of the
coating colour applied to the paper.
Coating colour spot Small area incompletely coated.
May be caused by undispersed components of coating.
Coating lump(Clay lump, Colour lump)
Calendered coating lump A translucent,
discoloured, shiny, hard, brittle spot on the web caused by calendering
or super-calendering an un-calendered coating lump.
Coating Pick The lifting of coating particles from
the base sheet during calendering or printing.
Coating piling Blanket piling caused by loose particle
partially bonded, coating loosened by the dampening solution due to
insufficient water resistance.
Coating pits (pinholes, Micro-pits) Microscopic
holes in the coating. Due to micro air bubbles in the coating colour.
Coating skip Irregularly shaped areas, devoid of
coating.
Coating splash Random spots of excess coating
on the coated surface.
Coating streak Broad indentations to the coating
surface 3-6 mm wider.
Colour Lump Impressed mark on paper caused by a
defect, which appears on the Calender rolls.
The grammage of a coating layer, expressed in g/m2 coating per side.
The formation of ripples, bulges or warped spots out of the plane
of the sheet caused by uneven moisture, tension during drying.
see
Digital print.
Colour quality when there is no significant difference in colour
hue between two samples when viewed under standard illumination.
Process of separating each of the three primary colours of an original
by optically filtering the image.
The arrangement, efficiency of space and artistic value of printed
matter.
A method of preparing copy by computer rather than manually.
Consecutive Numbering
Numbers printed in sequence on business forms to act as a reference
or control over their use.
Pressroom conditioning It is now common to condition
pressrooms to45% RH in order to have the pressroom RH in equilibrium
with the paper RH and hence to minimize Curl and associated defects.
CONSECUTIVE NUMBERING Numbers printed in sequence on business forms
to act as a reference or control over their use.
Forms in continuous lengths ("endless" web), which can
be fed automatically through the machine on which they are processed;
they may be separated by perforations and usually have feed holes.
Equipment for automatically making separate copies of graphic matter
from plain paper originals.
Class of papers normally used for office copiers, e.g., Xerox, bond
and stencil duplicating (mimeograph); a number of more specialized
papers are blueprint & diazo.
Rigid tubes used as a spool for winding a paper web into a paper
roll.
Mechanical damage to the end or ends of a core
which has resulted from the core chucks tearing into the core ends
or to slippage of the chucks inside the ends of the core.
Thick disc placed inside a core to prevent core crushing during
handling.
Displacement of the core from its intended position relative to
the rolled paper. Axial displacement gives a Telescoped roll. Rotational
displacement may cause a loose core.
The amount of paper left on the core or stub roll after printing
the paper.
A flat case, rectangular in shape and generally made from one sheet
of paper. This sheet is so folded as to provide a plain front and
back consisting of four overlapping flaps. Generally three flaps
are stuck together, the fourth which may be gummed or un-gummed,
serving as a closure.
A composite paper product made by adhering Linerboard to both sides
of a web of corrugated medium on a Corrugator.
A paperboard usually made from semichemical wood pulp or reclaimed
fibre on a cylinder or Fourdrinier paper machine; it is corrugated
to form corrugated medium which is used as is, but mainly for the
fluted part of corrugated board and singlefacer.
Defective pattern of lighter and darker inking on printed on the
liner correspond to the pattern of the underlying fluting.
A
process machine that is continuously fed webs of corrugating medium
and linerboard, which flutes the medium and pastes the liner to
it in order to make corrugated products.
A general term applied to a great variety of papers used for outside
covers of catalogues, brochures, booklets and similar pieces.
Crack at fold Fissures in the crease when any
paper is folded along a fold line. May be due to separation of coating
or separation of fibers. More prevalent when the paper has been over-dried.
I n boards it may occur along score-folds even though the scoring
has been done to minimize cracking at the fold. The term is also applied
when coatings crack without fibre failure during a folding operation.
CD wrinkles( Washboard)
Fold over of a web in the cross machine direction, giving a crease
running in the machine direction.
Blade crease A crease essentially in the machine
direction devoid of coating in the creased area.
Calender Crease Usually a sharp crease caused
by passage through the Calender of a crease or of a fold generated
at the Calender; often cut through when it is preferable to call it
a Calender out.
Smoothed crease A flattened-out crease running
mainly in the machine direction. Can occur at the wet press section,
dryer (dryer wrinkles), size press, winder or sheeter.
The operation of crinkling a sheet of paper to increase its stretch
and softness.
That direction in the plane of a web or sheet of paper at right
angles to the machine direction.
A core within a roll of paper, which has
collapsed radially, or the end is crushed axially from excessive
thrust loads. Damage is due to hard impact received during handling,
transit, or excessive squeeze in lift clamps.
Defective roll as a result of stacking rolls on end in an excessively
high pile, which in turn causes the lower ends of the lower rolls
to fail in the axial direction.
Acronym for chemi thermo mechanical pulp.
2.Wet Curl Curl resulting from the application
of water to the paper surface.
3. Atmospheric curl (Dry curl) Curl that is the result of the exchange
of water vapour between paper and air of higher or lower relative
humidity.
4.Mechanical Curl Curl that is the result of mechanical
stresses in the paper, other than that of swelling or shrinkage due
to moisture changes.
Rupture of sheet in a defined region, not extending to sever the
sheet into two pieces.
Blister cut A cut caused by a fold-over
of a blistered paper or board, which is creased and cut in the
Calender stack.
Calender cut A straight sharp ’Blister
cut’ with a glazed edge, running for a short distance at
an angle to the direction of web travel, induced at the Calender
stack.
Cockle cut A Blister cut caused by
severe cockles.
Dry cut A Calender cut which is 90-120
cm (3-4 Ft) in length with no evidence of pucker-wrinkles.
Fibre Cut A short, straight, fairly
smooth randomly located cut caused by passage through the Calender
of an oversized fibre or shive imbedded on the web of paper.
Hair cut A sharp, smooth, curved
cut having no definite length or direction, caused by an animal
hair or synthetic fibre.
Shive cut Similar to a Fibre cut’
but caused by a shive.
Slitter cut ‘Blade cut’
caused by a raised slitter working loose and riding on the web.
Sliver cut Similar to a ‘fibre
cut’ but caused by wood silver.
Winder cut A cut caused by a winder
crack
Small
loose particles of paper which chip out of the edges of a sheet of
papers as it is cut by the chopping blade on a sheeter.
One of the subtractive primary colours, the hue of which is used
for cyan process ink, one of the four-colour process inks. Cyan
reflects blue and green light and absorbs red light.
Impact relief printing usually used for office typing, either a
direct mounting on a typewriter or a separate printer for use from
word processor input.
The process of keeping the non-image areas of lithographic plates
to be ink repellent by applying aqueous Fountain solution to the
plate from the Dampening system.
A skeleton cylinder covered with a woven wire cloth, or with an
arrangement of fine longitudinal wires, crossed at close intervals
by heavier circumferential wires. The former structure produces
wove and the latter, laid paper. The dandy roll is one method of
applying watermarks to paper while wet.
The actual width of the web between the deckle edges.
The total width of rolls being deckled together
in one parent reel of paper on the paper machine.
The untrimmed featheredge of a sheet of paper formed where the pulp
flows against the deckle.
Chemical added to a liquid to reduce or eliminate tendencies for
the liquid to foam.
A paper pulp prepared by a combination of mechanical disintegration
and chemical treatment of the recycled paper, which makes possible
the removal of most of the ink.
The process of ink removal during paper recycling.
A rupture of a sheet of paper through the plane of the sheet, not
necessarily breaking either surface.
(See Wax Pick)
A user-friendly photometer that measures print density directly.
It also measures tone values in terms of print density.
Print density The colour depth (optical density)
of a printed image. It may be measured directly by a user-friendly
optical density meter.
A cut made with a special punching blade instead of with a conventional
rotary knife.
Computer – to - plate Systems, which
use printing plates, or other images carriers that do not require
intermediate films.
Computer-to-print(Plateless) Systems that produce
reproductions directly on the substrate without the need for intermediate
films or plates
Colour copiers Usually Electrophotographic
printers, for spot or four colour process printing, used for making
one or several copies of spot or four colour process subjects.
Electronic printing systems
Electrophotographic, magnetographic, monographic, field effect, ink
jet or thermal transfers printing. For One-colour, four colour process
or upto six-colour printing. Used for some degree of variable information,
on-demand. Examples of use are direct mail, temporary product labels
for trade shows, billboard posters and the like.
Ability of a paper or board to retain its dimensions and its shape
despite changes in its moisture or mechanical stressing. Moisture
changes are caused by differences in ambient relative humidity from
the internal relative humidity of the paper.
Small flecks of foreign material which have a colour in contrast
to that of the paper, and a combined size and contrast that is large
enough to be aesthetically displeasing under normal viewing conditions.
A blade running across the surface of a roll in order to scrap the
surface free of ink, coating or papermaking debris.
A carrier containing a representation of stored information, such
as a form, punched card, magnetic tape, computer disc/diskette or
compact disc.
Impact printing where each character is made up by a pattern of
dots, usually made dot by dot, synchronised by computer control.
The print head strikes against a ribbon against the paper.
The unintentional printing of two images slightly out of register.
Acronym for dots per inch
Paper for the preparation of a Stencil duplicating
master. It is a thin, strong, lightweight paper made from long-fibred
stock, suitably impregnated or coated such as with oil.
Machine for making copies with the aid of a specially prepared duplicating
master. Includes machines for Spirit duplicating, stencil duplicating.
Small loose particles of paper, coating or foreign material may
arise at calendering, slitting and sheeting trimming.
In heat-set web offset, dwell is the length of time
that the paper web takes to go through the press drier.
A process for producing copies employing translucent masters, copy
paper treated with diazo dyes and ammonia developer.
Acronym for elemental chlorine-free.
A process (such as xerography)
which uses either an intermediate photosensitive plate or drum or
a coated take-off sheet which can be electrically charged to attract
an imaging agent (toner) to only the charged areas of the intermediary
or to the take-off copy. The image may be fused by heat, pressure
or by use of binders in a liquid toner.
Paper with a raised or depressed surface resembling wood, cloth,
leather or other pattern.
A glossy coated paper.
The steps in photographic processes during which light produces
the image on the light sensitive coating.
A blend of pigments of an organic nature used to impart transparency,
opacity or working qualities to printing ink.
The transmission of graphics including pictures
by wire or radio and its duplication.
Momentary separation of the press sheets by hand riffling so that
fresh air is allowed to sweep over the surface of each sheet.
Acronym for Food and Drug Administration, USA.
The section of a press, which separates the sheets and feeds them
into position for printing.
A continuous broad porous belt used on the paper machine, traditionally
made of wool but frequently of a combination of two or more of the
fibres like wool, cotton, and synthetic fibres.
A formation – type mark or pattern on
paper or paperboard produced by the impression of the press or drier
felt; most often appearing as a light area or and dark areas when
viewed by transmitted light; in extreme cases showing through the
web as holes surrounded by alternate light and dark areas.
The topside of the sheet in traditional Fourdrinier paper manufacturing,
when this is the smoother side of the paper for printing.
A broad term including printing, writing, copy, and cover papers,
as distinguished from newsprint, ground wood specialties, paper
board and functional papers.
The finish of a sheet of paper denotes the condition of its surface.
A high finish refers to a smooth, hard, surface. A low finish refers
to a relatively rough, toothy surface.
The off-machine operation on paper that prepare it for shipping
to the customer especially, slitting, cutting, trimming, sorting,
counting, and wrapping of paper.
Round, transparent spot in the coated surface of coated paper or
board, which may be caused by excess defoamer of an oil-base type.
A method of rotary Relief printing using flexible plates and fast
drying inks. The use of resilient rubber or photopolymer relief
plates for letter plates for letterpress printing and special inks
carried by an Anilox roll that dry mainly by absorption and evaporation.
European term for both of lint & Dust. It consists mainly of
individual fibres, particles of fillers, particles of sizing agents.
Corrugated sheet forming the cushioning layer in corrugated fiberboard.
A property of fluorescent dyes, also called optical brightness which
often are added to paper to enhance paper’s whiteness or brightness
to the eye in normal lighting.
Term used to describe how sheets are folded; single fold, double
fold, centerfold, and gatefold.
Thin board between 0.25 and 1.1 mm thick suitable for making cartons.
It is also known as ‘Carton Board’.
The resistance of paper to multiple folding; a measure of paper
durability.
The size, shape and general arrangement of printed work.
Visual formation The subjective visual appearance
of the distribution, size and contract of light and dark areas. Good
visual formation often has direct aesthetic sales appeal.
In lithography, water based chemical solution used to dampen the place
and keep non-image areas from accepting ink. Traditionally contained
gum Arabic, acid and defoamer.
Description for pulp or paper that contains nil or minimal mechanical
wood pulp.
Canadian standard freeness (CSF) The rate, at which
water drains from a pad of pulp, measured under exacting test conditions.
The mixture of various materials that are blended in the stock suspension
from which paper or board is made. The chief constituents are the
fibrous material (pulp), wet-strength additives & fillers.
A secondly unwanted image in a print. It
has variations in ink density.
Paper obtained by dampening and supercalendering paper, which is
made from highly hydration-beaten pulp. It is very smooth and glossy
on both sides and has resistance to the passage of oils grease,
and odours.
Paper with high gloss or polish, applied to the surface either during
the process of manufacture or after the paper is produced, by various
methods such as friction glazing, calendering, plating or drying
on a Yankee drier.
A strong glazed paper made from cellulose
pulp. The term, particularly its abbreviation (GIP) is normally
used for paper made from bleached pulp only.
The property of a surface which causes it to reflect light specularly,
e.g. like a mirror, and which is responsible for its shiny or lustrous
appearance. For most printing papers, specular gloss is usually
measures at 75* which is the angle between a line normal to the
surface of the specimen and the direction of reflected and incident
light. Instruments used to measure this property are called glarimeters
or gloss meters.
Mottle that is characterized by variation in gloss over a paper
or over a print surface.
Abbreviation for grams per metre square; units of grammage; metric
unit alternative to Basis weight.
Grain, as applied to paper, refers to the machine direction in which
the sheet was made on the paper machine.
Grain-long printing Printing of paper in a sheet-fed
press with the grain parallel to the axis of the press cylinder.
Grain–short printing Printing of paper in
a sheet-fed press or copies with the grain or machine direction
perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder.
The mass of a unit area of paper or board determined by the standard
method of test; it is expressed in g/m2.
The fine and applied arts of representation, decoration, and writing
or printing on flat surfaces together with the techniques and crafts
associated with them.
Rotogravure (Roto) Direct rotary gravure
with the cells engraved or etched in to the curved surface of a cylindrical
printing plate; or the cells may be formed in the outer surface of
a wrap-around plate or tubular shell that is positioned over a cylindrical
core.
Offset Gravure – Indirect gravure
Paper for gravure printing that has very low print roughness and good
wettability of gravure inks.
Ink or coating that is resistant to the
action of fats oils and greases.
Any paper having good to very high resistance
to penetration by grease or fats.
The values for yellow, magenta and cyan that produce a neutral Grey
with no dominant hue when printed at a normal density.
A homogeneous board usually made of mixed waste papers with or without
screenings and mechanical pulp on a continuous board machine, in
thickness less then 1 mm.
Clear space in the print for grippers. The number and positioning
of spaces depend on the type of printing press, as gripping could
be top, bottom, sides or all four sides.
A printing paper having groundwood or mechanical
refiner pulp as part of its fibre furnish. The use of such mechanical
pulp instead of all chemical wood pulps produces characteristics
such as higher bulk, higher opacity for equivalent basis weight
& greater softness.
Pressurized stone ground wood
A strong pulp than "stone groundwood pulp" requiring
less reinforcement with softwood chemical pulp, prepared in a
pressure-sealed chamber.
International term for a machine
equipped with a long heavy removable knife for trimming paper sheets
with a downward slicing action.
A gum Arabic
solution used to coat a lithographic plate at the end of its preparation,
also before storage or during a stoppage on the press. The protective
coating helps to prevent scumming.
The application of gum to paper as glue for various applications.
Modifier applied to the process, plates and photographic
film used to produce a halftone print.
Any physical damage to package or paper structure, which occurs during
storage or movement of paper.
Localized extra hardness on
a roll end, caused by a higher caliper band, usually with an adjacent
thin caliper band. Detectable by observing the outer surface of
the roll.
High water-resistance in paper from size added to make the paper
resist moisture penetration.
A wrinkle defined by hard creases in the paper. In roll stock wrinkles,
which were present in the roll of paper as shipped from the mill.
Heatset (Heatset Printing)
Typically web printing
in which the ink is dried by passing the printed web through a vented
oven set at the temperature required to flash off ink solvents and
produce a set image.
Heatset printing where the inks have been printed by web offset
lithography.
The paper used in Thermal transfer printing (Sublimation printing).
A book paper which has a bulking number
of 440 to 344 pages per 25mm (1") for a weight of 67 g/m2.
Wire holes Clean edged holes without any contamination
or foreign material
Pitch holes Holes caused by pitch plugging the
wire; sometimes pitch is evident at hole edges.
Primary Hue
For the Subtractive primary colours, which
are the process printing colours, the three primary hues are yellow.
Cyan and magenta, from which any other hue may be approximated.
A papermaking term to describe the equilibrium relative
humidity of the ambient air next to paper such as in the middle of
a pile or roll of paper.
Mechanical treatment of papermaking pulp in a beater or refiner to
achieve fibre flexibility and fibrillation preferentialy over fibre
cutting.
An instrument used for measuring relative humidity.
Acronym for Institute Von Graphische Tecknologie.
A Type of test instrument developed
by IGT that, among other things, measures, resistance of paper to
pick or Delamination.
The backing cylinder of a web printing press supports the printing
of a paper when the image is being pressed down on the paper from
a printing plate or an offset blanket.
A rigid paper or board of appropriate quality and size used for
recording data in library type of filing index systems.
Printing ink A liquid or paste of whatever colour
used to print.
The degree of completeness of coverage of a printed surface with the
intended ink film. the ration or percentage of ink film area covering
a surface to the area intended to be covered.
The extent to which a printed surface resists penetration by the
vehicle and pigment of a given ink formulation.
Printing process of an image or text by small ink particles projected
onto the paper surface.
First Impression setoff Set of that occurs when
the paper is printed on the second printing nip while the print from
the first impression is still fresh.
The body or cohesiveness of ink. The measure of tack as the force
required to split an ink film.
In lithographic printing the optimal feed of ink and fountain solution
to obtain target print density without adversely affecting the white
areas.
Method of printings in which special ink is doctored into recessed
cells that are engraved or Etched into the printing plate, and the
ink is transferred to paper while pressed into the plate surface
in the printing nip.
The insertion of sheets of one kind of paper between sheets of another
kind of paper or material.
The force with which fibres are bonded to each other within a sheet
of paper.
The process of adding various sizes internally to slurry of stock.
The process of internal sizing with water-resistance sizes like
rosin neutral sizes or alkaline sizes.
Also known as ISO sizes are widely used in
metric countries. ISO standards are based on a rectangle whose sides
have a ratio of one to the square root of 2 (1.414). No matter how
many times a sheet of these proportions is halved, each will retain
the same constant proportions. There are three ISO series A, B,
and C.
The A series is for general printed matter including stationary
and publications.
The B series is about halfway between two A sizes. It is intended
as an alternative to the A series, used primarily for posters and
wall charts.
The C series is used for folders, post cards and envelopes. C series
envelope is suitable to insert A series sizes.
Acronym for the International Standards Organization.
Set of worldwide quality standards developed by ISO.
Set of worldwide environmental standards developed by ISO.
Standard metric paper sizes recommended by ISO.
To align sheets of paper into a compact pile.
A roll of paper, direct from the paper machine, wound on a machine
winder spool as distinct from rolls that have been slit and rewound
on cores.
A coating process in which a doctor blade, knife, or a straight
edge is employed to spread and control the amount of coating on
the paper, includes Air Knife coating, Blade coating.
Paper made substantially from any kind of sulphate (Kraft) pulp.
Any pulp made by the sulphate process, whose
cooking liquor is mainly a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium
sulphide.
A slip of paper or other material to be affixed to a container or
article, and on which static data is pre-printed as a means of identification
or to convey information (e.g. size, weight, price, bar code)
A continuous watermark consisting of very close parallel lines,
generally associated with spaced lines (chain lines) at right angles
to these.
Xerographic printing where a modulated
laser ray is projected on to a photoconductive cylinder or belt
by a rotating mirror. The laser serves to product the electrostatic
latent image, which is developed with toners.
A grade of business paper generally used for keeping records.
Printed heading on letter, stating name and other particulars of
a person, company institution, authority, organization etc.
Method of printing from a raised, relief surfaces, by direct contact
between the inked place and the paper surface.
Papers having a grammage (basis weight) normally less than 40 g/m2.
The material removed from paper due to linting,
Offset (Offset lithography) Lithography involving
transferring the printing from plate to blanket to paper, the most
popular printing process today.
Dilitho Lithography without using an offset blankets
i.e. printing direct from plate to paper, has also been used commercially.
A number frequently used by manufacturers and customers to identify
a specific product or shipment; number for any group of rolls or packages
in an order that is to be marked separately for the customer’s
convenience.
That direction in a paper corresponding to the direction of the
flow of the stock on the paper machine. Fibres tend to be oriented
mainly in the machine direction.
Paper treated mechanically on the paper making machine, with a device
such as a Calender stack, to improve the smoothness and uniformity
of appearance on both side.
The glossy finish produced on a Yankee machine. There the paper
is pressed against a large steam-heated, highly polished revolving
Yankee cylinder, which dries the sheet and imparts a highly glazed
surface on the side next to the cylinder, usually leaving the other
side rough.
Fourteen stylized characters
which must be imprinted to close tolerance-using ink with magnetic
metal content. Used primarily in the banking industry for the encoding
of checks and other documents used in that industry.
Dull finish of coated paper. The coating is a special formulation
and there is little, if any, calendering.
Pulp which has been prepared from wood primarily by mechanical rather
than chemical means of separating fibres or fibre agglomerates from
each other.
Pressure groundwood Pulp (PG) A newer variation
of groundwood pulp prepared by grinding against a log at much higher
pressured and temperature under pressure, sealed conditions. This
gives a stronger pulp.
The making of mechanical pulp by mechanically reducing wood from chips
to pulp in a refiner between two metal plates.
a) Refiner Mechanical Pulp (RMP) The simplest refined groundwood
is made when the chips are preheated before refining, without further
hear input except from the refining energy.
c) Chemimechanical pulp (CMP) RMP made in conjunction
with the assistance of
Chemical.
d) Alphabet pulps There are so many variations of
these ‘RMP’ process and acronyms for them such as CTMP that
they have become known as alphabet pulps.
A homogeneous board usually made of mixed
waste papers with or without screenings and mechanical pulp on an
intermittent board machine, in thickness not less than 0.5 mm.
The percentage of water in a pulp,
paper or paperboard. It is determined by completely drying the sample
at 100-105*C. The result is expressed as a percentage of the original
mass of the sample unless otherwise specified.
A paper appearance, which is characterized by high and low spots
or by glossy and dull spots.
This term for burst comes from the name of the Mullen tester, a
popular instrument used in the test.
Standard newsprint Newsprint, which has, been
defined for trade and customs purposes. The paper is machine finished,
generally has up to 3% mineral loading. It is made in weights varying
from 36- 57 g/m2 with the great preponderance being 48.8 g/m2 (30lb)
High-filled newsprint Newsprint In some European
countries, may have filler levels as high as 25%
Rotogravure newsprint (Rotonews) A grade of higher
finish than regular North American newsprint for printing by rotogravure
and which generally contains about 5% clay, or tale filler.
Acronym for Optical character recognition.
Offset paper A grade of paper, such as offset
book, designed to be printed by offset lithography, particularly to
have higher surface strength to withstand the high ink tack forces
from offset inks.
Indirect gravure printing using an offset blanket.
The operation of a process unit like a Calender or coater as an
integral part of the paper machine.
Fluorescent dyes added to paper to enhance the visual brightness;
the dye absorbs ultraviolet light and re-emits it in the visual
spectrum.
The percentage loss in weight of a
paper specimen when dried to constant weight in an oven maintained
at the temperature of 105 +/- 2 C.
A low platform to hold a load of paper or prints, which is easily
moved by a lift truck. It is fabricated of two separated layers
of wood, paperboard or plastic.
A name for a range of fibrous materials in the form of a coherent
sheet or web used for writing, printing, wrapping, packaging, decorating,
wiping etc.
Paper of heavier grammage than 170.
A paper laminated with metal foil.
An instrument used for measuring the Caliper of paper or paperboard.
A roll from the paper machine put into inventory, which is later
slit into small rolls.
The act or process of penetration of printing ink,
writing ink or coating colour into paper.
Intermittent cutting of slits along a line in paper or carbon. Intact
paper bridges the spaces between the cuts.
A paper that can resist large chemical and physical changes over
and extended time (several hundred years). This paper is generally
acid-free with alkaline reserve and a reasonably high initial strength.
A measure of the acidity, neutrality, or alkalinity of materials
such as paper and offset lithographic fountain solutions. This is
a measure of the effective hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous
solution. A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral; acids have pH value
below 7(down to 0); alkali’s have pH value above 7 (upto 14).
Coating pick (Flaking) The removal or lifting of
coating particles or flakes from the base sheet or from another coating
layer during calendering or printing, so that voids or craters are
visible at the coating failure.
Wet pick
Resistance to picking of wet or dampened
paper.
Pick occurring when the paper surface is
wetted by Litho fountain solution and is subject to surface absorption
of that aqueous solution and to associated weakening of the surface
strength.
Vessel segment pickout Pickout of vessel
segments, which are difficult to bond into the paper surface. Large
vessels occur in the ring porous hardwoods and break into rectilinear
segments during cooking.
Substance that has been manufactured for ease of colloidal dispersion
in inks coatings or papermaking stock to impart colour, opacity and/or
control or rheological characteristics.
Pinholes caused by fine particles of sand, clay,
slum etc. , are crushed and fall out, leaving holes.
Acronym for Printing Industry Research Association, Leatherhead, and
UK.
Resinous material (usually dark) which originates from the wood
and/or internal sizing resins.
Acronym for positive infinitely variable speed control as on sections
of some paper machines and printing presses.
Each separate web, which makes up the sheet formed on a multi-layer
machine. Each layer adds one web or ply, which is pressed to the
other, the plies adhering firmly upon drying.
A unit of thickness measurement, onethousands of an inch (0.001"),
used to measure the thickness of paper.
The ability of base stock to pass air under
controlled conditions as defined under Porosity. The control of
base stock porosity is an important indicator to make the base stock
suitable for the subsequent coating.
A card on which a message may be sent without an envelope. They
may be pre-stamped.
Fibre derived from a finished product that has been collected after
it passed through its life as a consumer item and would otherwise
be discarded as solid waste. Examples are old newspapers, office
waste, and computer printouts, tabulating cards, milk cartons and
rags.
All printing operations prior to presswork; pre-press include design
and layout, typesetting, graphics arts photography, image assembly
and plate-making.
The ability of paper to give the most faithful reproduction of the
original image at the maximum efficiency.
The Property of a printed surface to reflect light specularly (i.e.
like a mirror) and which is responsible for its shiny or lustrous
appearance.
An ink containing pigments and/or dyes to produce print images.
Printing inks are
Flexographic Ink liquid ink of either water or
organic solvent base for flexographic printing.
Gravure Ink liquid ink, usually solvent based,
sometimes water based, for gravure printing.
Heatset Ink Ink used in Heatset printing, using
hydrocarbon solvents, hard soluble resins, drying varnishes and plastisizers.
Letterpress ink An oil ink used for sheet fed letterpress
or webfed.
News ink Letterpress oil ink of high fluidity;
using low cost mineral oil and carbon black.
Quick set Ink Ink, which sets quickly. Useful for
coated paper and board.
Thermal curing ink Ink made for thermal in line
curing; using reactive crosslinking vehicles, little or no solvent.
UV curing ink Ink made for inline curing by ultra
violet radiation, for high gloss and high scuff resistance.
Water base Ink Ink whose ink components have been
dispersed or dissolved in water.
Any paper suitable for printing, such as w/p paper, newsprint &
coated paper.
A type of Print Roughness. A random uneven appearance in the print
density, colors or gloss of a print.
The degree to which a print’s appearance and other properties
approach the standard or the desired result.
Devices made to simulate press-printing variables for the assessment
of papers and inks under controlled conditions. Those in common
use are IGT print tester, Proof press, Prufbau print tester, RNA
print tester, Vandercook proof press.
The varying values of a property of paper or print with respect
to a specified distance in a specified direction.
MD profile Profile in the machine direction.
Diagonal profile Profile in the diagonal
direction.
A Print tester, first developed by Prufbau that simulates multicolour
printing.
A sheet or web made from pulp slurry, which can
be readily dispersed in order to make fibrous products like paper.
Traditionally used in automatic date processing to perpetuate the
typewritten or punched card date without recopying.
Holes punched or drilled in the parts and carbons of a form set.
The process of testing representative samples to check the consistency
or quality.
The proportion of natural fibre rag like cotton in a paper furnish.
That combination of properties such as stiffness, density etc. which
is responsible for noise when the sheet is shaken or flexed.
A number of sheets of paper, commonly either 480 or 500 according
to grade.
Area of paper in a ream, as indicated by (inches width) x (inches
length) x (number of sheets / ream).
Paper that can be easily recovered to make new paper.
Paper made from recycled fibre.
The amount of light reflected by a paper.
The ratio of the amount of moisture in the
air at any temperature to the amount required at that temperature
to saturate the air, expressed in percentage.
The amount of filler or other material which remain in the finished
paper expressed as a percentage that added to the furnish before
sheet formation.
A device for slitting and re-rolling jumbo rolls into shipping rolls
of various smaller sizes.
Roll defect where there are raised bands or rings of material around
the circumference of the roll.
A test, which measures the stiffness or rigidity of paper.
A process in which the coating is applied by roll and subsequently
smoothed by means of reverse rolls contacting the freshly coated
surface.
The characteristic of high and low physical areas of paper deviating
from the plane of its surface, the roughness being of visual to
microscopic proportion.
The degree to which ink can be removed from the printed surface
by rubbing.
Technique for obtaining representative samples of paper or pulp.
A smooth, satin-like, semi-glossy finish of paper or Bristol.
Acronym for Supercalendered finish.
A kind of Z-direction tensile strength that results from a fast
impact device rather than the slower tensile tester method.
The process of creating a Halftone print, i.e. a print with areas
of lower optical density than that of the ink film, by the use of
a fine pattern of ink dots.
The resistance to scuffing of paper or paperboard, usually measured
in terms of the number of cycles required to produce a specified
degree of scuffing on a specified area with a designated abrasive
object of specified size and weight rotating or reciprocating at
specified speeds.
The printing of an unwanted light tint in the Non-image areas of
print, due to a faulty plate.
Paper which incorporates identification features to deter counterfeiting
and forging.
A pulp produced from the raw material by middling chemical treatment
between that of chemical pulping and chemi mechanical pulping, followed
by a mechanical defibration operation.
In ink and paper, a synonym for Hue.
A rectangular piece of paper or board.
In printing, a knife, usually rotary, at the delivery end of a press
or collator that cuts off web press lengths into individual sheets,
usually followed by a stacking or piling device.
A bundle of incompletely separated wood fibres, which may appear
in the finished sheet as an imperfection. Commonly found in papers
from mechanical pulps.
A roll differing in width from that of the rest of the rolls being
made at the time on the slitter.
Sizing additive Any material used in the internal
sizing of paper/board. Typical agents are rosin, alum, alkaline size
& starch.
The addition of materials to a papermaking furnish or the application
of materials to the surface of paper and board to provide special
qualities to the paper.
A hole in paper, characterized by brownish translucent material
around the edges. Caused by a lump of slime which has formed in
stock system from the growth microorganisms, then becoming detached
and flowing onto the paper machine wire with the fibre to form a
non-fibrous area.
A machine direction web cutting device which is mounted on a rewinder
for transforming large parent rolls into rolls having narrower widths.
Score cut slitter Slitting done by circular
knives having V- shaped cutting edges, driven by contact with a platten
roll or drum around which the paper web travels.
Razor blade slitter A slitter using a
blade to cut a taut web; mainly for film and paper.
A blurry spot or streak of printing ink on a print, caused by ink
on that or another print when the ink
has
not yet fully dried.
An alkaline pulping process that uses a simple, sulphur- free cooking
liquor of sodium hydroxide.
Spot along the length of a roll that is flabby compared to the adjacent
parts of the roll.
A small defect of foreign substance with contrasting appearance
to the surrounding paper.
Starch is generally converted from the raw starch thermally, chemically
or by enzymes to have better retention in the paper stock as it
is being formed.
The electrical charge which sometimes collect on paper owing to
contact with dryer drums, Calender stack and in printing.
An oil-absorbent paper with a toothy surface.
That property of paper by which it resists deflection from an external
source.
Pulp that is made from the straw of grains such as rice straw. It
is cooked by soda process.
Board made from partially cooked straw, bagasse or grass or a mixture
of these.
Elongation of paper under tension .The elongation is expressed as
a percentage of the original length when stressed at a stated load.
Material such as paper or plastic, generally in sheet or web form.
Alkaline process of cooking pulp.
Acid process of cooking pulp.
Finish obtained by passing paper between
the rolls of a Supercalender under pressure. The Supercalender consists
of alternate chilled cast iron and paper/ cotton rolls.
The method consists of printing a strip of
paper in a print tester at an accelerating rate. The method is preferable
to Wax Pick.
Acronym for the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Atlanta, GA, USA.
The force required to tear a specimen under standardized conditions.
A defective paper roll with one end concave, the other convex instead
of square; usually caused by slippage of the inner layers of the
web.
The force, parallel with the plane of the paper, required to produce
failure in a specimen of specified conditions of loading; expressed
as load per unit with, e.g. kilo-Newton per meter ((kN/m) or pounds
force per inch.
Any paper with a heat-sensitive coating on which an image can be
produced by the application of heat.
Printing whereby
a design image is first printed on heat transfer paper using inks
with sublimable dispersed dyes.
Mechanical pulp made by steaming wood
chips under pressure prior to and during refining, producing a higher
yield and stronger pulp than regular stone groundwood or regular
refiner wood pulp.
See Caliper.
Thin, soft paper made from strong cellulose fibrous materials and
of a substance usually between 12 and 25 gsm.
Acronym for thermo-mechanical pulp.
The visual density of a printed area. Tone is the combined effect
of the percentage of the image area covered with ink and the colour
density of the ink in this area.
In ink making, organic dyes precipitated in an insoluble form as
a pigment.
A paper suitable for drawing office use; sufficiently translucent
for an image on it to be reproduced by processes using transmitted
light and for a design to be traced on it from an original placed
beneath it. Such processes include blueprint and diazo.
To cut true to exact size, by cutting away the edges of paper in
the web or sheet.
A paper machine, distinct form a single wire "Fourdrinier"
machine, has two wires which sandwich the pulp slurry and permit
faster drainage since drainage is from both sides; it can produce
paper with less two-sidedness at higher speeds.
The difference in shade, finish or texture between the two sides
of paper or paperboard.
Descriptor for paper to which no sizing has been added.
A thin, protective coating applied to a printed sheet for protection
and appearance, providing a dull or high gloss product.
Paper that has acquired, by the action of sulphuric acid, a continuous
texture. It offers high resistance to disintegration by water and
grease.
A toothy finish, which is relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration.
An instrument used to measure the viscosity of fluids.
In printing inks, a broad term encompassing the
properties of tack and flow.
For thin printing inks, viscosity is measured using a viscosity cup
such as Zahn cup or a shell cup. The others are B4 cup.
Localised modification of the formation and opacity of a sheet of
paper while it is still quite wet, so that a pattern, design, or
word group can be seen in the dried sheet when held upto the light.
The resistance of paper to water absorption into paper. It is typically
provided by Internal Sizing with rosin.
Rate at which water vapour passes through a sheet.
The waviness of a paper skid’s periphery. The effect is caused
by the more rapid increase in moisture content of the edges of the
sheets in a pile as compared with the center.
Sulphite or sulphate papers impregnated or surface coated with wax
after paper is made.
A pick resistance test using wax. It uses a series of hard resins,
non-oily waxes which are graded in adhesive powers and which are
pulled from the surface of the test paper, the highest numbered
wax in the series which does not disturb the surface of the paper
is the numerical rating of pick resistance.
Continuous sheet of paper coming from a paper machine; A thin layer
of paper unwinding from a roll and threading through a rewinder,
a printing press or other converting operation.
Resistance of a print to rub-off when
the print’s ink has not yet dried.
The strength of paper when re-wetted with water.
Ideal whiteness is whiteness obtained from a total spectrophotometric
reflectance curve. L of the CIE color value system, is the magnitude
upwards on the black (0%) to white (100%) scale.
The impression left in the paper by the forming wire or dandy roll
wire of the paper machine.
That side of the sheet of paper which was formed in contact with
the wire of a Fourdrinier paper machine during the process of manufacture.
Paper having a uniform unlined surface and a soft smooth finish.
The materials, consisting usually of paper or paperboard, sometimes
with treatment for moisture barrier properties, which are used to
protect the roll or pile form damage.
The loss in weight of a roll represented by the weight of the wrapper.
Blade Wrinkle Blade coating defect, an irregular line on the coated
surface, essentially in the machine direction.
Ridges at an angle to the machine direction, caused by hard sport
in the reel.
A web-fed Electrophotographic printer using dry toner that prints
two-sided four-colour copies.
A yellowing deterioration of the brightness of pulp and paper by
the action of air, light or heat; papers made with Mechanical pulp
such as newsprint, and with other lignin-containing pulps are particularly
susceptible to light reversion.
Attribute by which an object’s colour is judged to depart
from preferred white toward yellow.